Category: Family Health

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What Are Ears and What Do They Do?

The ear is made up of three different sections that work together to collect sounds and send them to the brain: the outer ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear.

The Outer Ear

The outer ear is made up of the pinna — also called the auricle (OR-ih-kul) — and the ear canal. The pinna is the part of the ear you see on the side of your head and is made of tough cartilage covered by skin. Its main job is to gather sounds and funnel them to the ear canal, which is the pathway that leads to the middle ear. Glands in the skin lining the ear canal produce earwax, which protects the canal by cleaning out dirt and helping to prevent infections.

The Middle Ear

The middle ear is an air-filled cavity that turns sound waves into vibrations and delivers them to the inner ear. The middle ear is separated from the outer ear by the eardrum, or tympanic membrane, a thin piece of tissue stretched tight across the ear canal. Sounds hit the eardrum, causing it to move.

This movement leads to vibrations of three very small bones in the middle ear known as the ossicles (AH-sih-kuls). The ossicles are:

• the malleus (MAH-lee-us) (“hammer”), which is attached to the eardrum
• the incus (IN-kus) (“anvil”), which is attached to the malleus
• the stapes (STAY-peez) (“stirrup”), which is attached to the incus and is the smallest bone in the body

To hear properly, the pressure on both sides of your eardrum must be equal. When you go up or down in elevation, the air pressure changes and you may feel a popping sensation as your ears adjust. Ears adjust thanks to the narrow Eustachian (yoo-STAY-she-en) tube that connects the middle ear to the back of the nose and acts as a sort of pressure valve, so the pressure stays balanced on both sides of the eardrum.

The Inner Ear

The vibrations from the middle ear change into nerve signals in the inner ear. The inner ear includes the cochlea (KOH-klee-uh) and the semicircular canals.The snail-shaped cochlea changes the vibrations from the middle ear into nerve signals. These signals travel to the brain along the cochlear nerve, also known as the auditory nerve.

The semicircular canals look like three tiny, connected tubes. It’s their job to help you balance. The canals are filled with fluid and lined with tiny hairs. When your head moves, the fluid in the canals sloshes around, moving the hairs. The hairs send this position information as signals through the vestibular nerve to your brain. The brain interprets these signals and sends messages to the muscles that help keep you balanced.

When you spin around and stop, the reason you feel dizzy is because the fluid in your semicircular canals continues to slosh around for awhile, giving your brain the idea that you’re still spinning even when you aren’t. When the fluid stops moving, the dizziness goes away.

The cochlear nerve, which is attached to the cochlea and sends sound information to the brain, and the vestibular (veh-STIB-yuh-ler) nerve, which carries balance information from the semicircular canals to the brain, together make up the vestibulocochlear (vess-tib-yuh-lo-KOH-klee-er) nerve.

How Can I Keep My Child’s Ears Healthy?

Teach kids not to stick things like cotton swabs and fingernails into ears. Doing so can scratch the ear canal, push earwax deeper into the ear, and even rupture the eardrum. If your child is bothered by earwax, talk to your doctor.

Teach kids to protect their hearing by paying attention to the noise levels they’re exposed to. Have them turn down the volume on video games, TVs, and, especially, portable music players. Make sure they take hearing protection (like earplugs or protective earmuffs/headphones) when they’ll be around loud noises (at a concert, car race, etc.).

If your child has any trouble hearing, reach out to your doctor. Treating hearing loss early can limit the damage.

What’s an Asthma Action Plan?

An asthma action plan is a set of instructions that you create with your doctor to help you control your asthma. Following the plan can help you prevent flare-ups and deal with them if they do happen.

Having a written, step-by-step plan means that you don’t have to memorize everything your doctor tells you about managing asthma. You can keep the plan with you or memorize key parts of it. It can help to keep an electronic copy of it on your phone or tablet, if possible.

The plan can help you make sure your asthma doesn’t get in the way of playing sports, working out, going to parties, or doing whatever you want to do. Make it work for you!

What’s in the Asthma Action Plan?

Asthma varies from person to person, so there isn’t a one-size-fits-all asthma action plan. But all action plans will say what to do if you have a flare-up. The plan also will explain what medicines you need to take and when, and when you need to call the doctor or go to the ER.

Many action plans use a color-coded “zone system” to make it easy to figure out which instructions apply to you. This system is based on the colors of a traffic light. It uses symptoms to help you decide what zone your asthma is in:

• The green zone, or “doing well” zone, explains how to manage your asthma every day, when you’re feeling good.
• The yellow zone, or caution zone, explains how to look for signs that your asthma is getting worse. It also says which medicines to use to bring your asthma back under control.
• The red zone, or danger zone, explains what to do when a flare-up is severe.

Your action plan also may include a list of triggers and how to avoid them, and things to do before exercising, if that’s a trigger for you. It also has contact information for your doctor and where to go for emergency care.

Understanding Your Asthma Action Plan

For your asthma action plan to work, you have to follow it even when you feel OK. Review the plan with your doctor and make sure you understand it. Talk with your doctor if you have ideas for making the plan work better for you. For example, your doctor might change the time of day that you take your asthma medicine so it fits into your schedule.

Also tell your doctor if you don’t seem to need medicine for quick relief of symptoms as much anymore, or if you are taking more puffs than usual for quick relief. Based on your report, your doctor might reduce or increase the amount of daily medicine you take to ease inflammation and control the symptoms.

What Is the Flu Vaccine?

The flu vaccine protects against influenza (what most of us call “the flu”), a contagious viral infection of the nose, throat, and lungs that can make a person feel very sick.

Why Is the Flu Vaccine Recommended?

The flu vaccine is recommended for everyone 6 months of age and older. It does not cause the flu and it helps keep kids and parents from getting sick. Getting the flu is worse than having a cold and can make a person sick for a week or more.

Babies younger than 6 months can’t get the vaccine. But if their parents, other caregivers, and older kids in the household get it, that will help protect the baby. This is important because infants (as well as the elderly and people with health conditions such as asthma) are more at risk for serious problems from the flu. Every year thousands of people die from influenza, and getting the flu vaccine is one way to help prevent that.

While the flu vaccine isn’t 100% effective, it still greatly lowers a person’s chances of catching the flu, which can be very serious. It also can make symptoms less severe if someone who got the vaccine does still get the flu.

Why Do People Need a Flu Vaccine Every Year?

If you got the flu vaccine last year, it can’t provide enough protection this year, because flu viruses change. That’s why the vaccine is updated each year to include the most current types of the virus.

Sometimes the same virus types are included in the vaccine from one year to the next. Even then, it’s still important to get the yearly flu vaccine because the body’s immunity against the influenza virus declines over time.

Getting the flu vaccine not only protects you from the flu. It also helps protect the people and community around you. The flu vaccine makes someone less likely to get the flu, and therefore less likely to spread the flu.

When Do People Get the Flu Vaccine?

Flu viruses usually cause the most illness during the colder months of the year. In the United States, flu season is from October to May.

It’s best to get the flu vaccine early in flu season, ideally by the end of October. This gives the body a chance to make antibodies that protect it from the flu. But getting a flu vaccine later in the season is better than not getting it at all. Getting a missed flu vaccine late in the season is especially important for people who travel. That’s because the flu can be active around the globe from April to September.

How Many Doses Do Kids Need?

Here’s what the flu vaccine means for most kids:

• Kids under 9 years old need 2 doses if:
  • They’ve never had the flu vaccine or have had the vaccine only once in a past flu season.
• Kids under 9 years old need only 1 dose if:
  • They’ve had 2 doses of flu vaccine in past flu seasons given at least 4 weeks apart. The doses could have been given in the same season or different seasons.
• Kids 9 years and older need only 1 dose.

Talk to your doctor about how many doses your child needs.

Where Can My Family Get the Flu Vaccine?

The flu vaccine usually is available at:

• doctors’ offices
• public, employee, and university health clinics
• most drugstores
• some supermarkets and big-box stores
• some community groups or centers
• some schools

What Are the Types of Flu Vaccines?

Two types of flu vaccine are available:

• the flu shot, which is injected with a needle
• the nasal spray, a mist that gets sprayed into the nostrils

Both protect against the four types of influenza virus that are causing disease this season.

In the past, the nasal spray vaccine wasn’t recommended for kids because it didn’t seem to work well enough. The current version appears to work as well as the shot. So either vaccine can be given this year, depending on the child’s age and general health.

The nasal spray is only for healthy people ages 2–49. People with weak immune systems or some health conditions (such as asthma) and pregnant women should not get the nasal spray vaccine. It should also be avoided in kids who take aspirin regularly, who have a cochlear implant, or who have recently taken antiviral medicine for the flu.

What Are the Possible Side Effects of the Flu Vaccine?

Both types of vaccine can cause mild side effects.

• The flu shot usually is given as an injection in the upper arm or thigh (depending on a person’s age). It contains killed flu virus and can’t cause someone to get the flu. But it can cause soreness, redness, or swelling at the injection site. Rarely, it might cause a low fever or body aches.
• The nasal spray flu vaccine contains weakened live flu viruses. So it may cause mild cold-like symptoms, such as a runny nose, sore throat, or tiredness. Like the shot, it can sometimes cause a low fever or body aches. But the weakened virus isn’t strong enough to grow in the lungs, so it will not cause serious illness.

Very rarely, the flu vaccine can cause a serious allergic reaction.

Caring for Your Child After the Flu Vaccine

Sometimes, people faint after getting a shot, especially teens. It helps to sit or lie down for 15 minutes right after a shot to prevent this.

If your child has any side effects, talk to your doctor about giving either acetaminophen or ibuprofen and to find out the right dose.

A warm, damp cloth or a heating pad on the injection site may help ease soreness, as can moving or using the arm or leg.

When to Delay or Avoid the Flu Vaccine

Simple colds or other minor illnesses should not prevent vaccination, but your doctor might choose to reschedule the vaccine if your child has a more serious illness.

Talk to your doctor about whether the vaccine is a good idea if your child:

• has ever had a severe allergic reaction, or any allergic reaction to a previous flu vaccine
• has had Guillain-Barré syndrome

In the past, people with an egg allergy had to check with their doctor about whether the flu vaccine was OK for them because it’s grown inside eggs. But health experts now say that the amount of egg protein in the vaccine is so tiny that it’s safe even for kids with a severe egg allergy. People with egg allergies can now get the flu vaccine just like everyone else. They do not need to take any extra precautions.

COVID-19, RSV, and the Flu Vaccine

During the COVID-19 pandemic, fewer people got infected or were hospitalized with viral respiratory infections like the flu and RSV. This was probably tied to public health measures (like wearing masks in public and social distancing) that protected against COVID-19, as they also worked against other respiratory viruses. When people stopped taking these precautions, the rate of respiratory infections in fall and winter went back up. And they seemed to show up earlier and last longer than they did before the pandemic.

So it’s more important than ever to get a flu vaccine and an updated COVID-19 vaccine. Babies (and some toddlers) also should get the RSV vaccine shot just before or during RSV season (usually fall to spring in U.S.) if their mother didn’t get the vaccine in her third trimester of pregnancy.

People can get a flu vaccine at the same time they get the COVID-19 and RSV shots. Kids who are sick with a respiratory infection should get their vaccines after they feel better. This helps prevents confusion about whether any symptoms are from the illness or are reactions to a vaccine. Also, a stuffy runny nose can make it harder for the nasal spray flu vaccine to work.

When Should I Call the Doctor?

Call your doctor if:

• Your child is sick and has a fever, and you aren’t sure whether to reschedule the vaccine.
• Your child has problems after the vaccine.

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